Andy Griffith: Hollywood's Homespun Hero

Born in 1901, she was supposedly the fourth and final daughter of the Russian czar. But the woman who claimed to be the princess for over 60 years was more likely the daughter of a Polish factory worker. Amongst the many mysteries surrounding the Romanovs is the story of Anastasia. Was she killed along with her family in 1918, or did she escape into New York high society? Leading historians discuss the young princess before the Russian Revolution and explore recent forensic findings that conclusively prove that the woman who lived as Anastasia was not the real princess. Rare home movie footage and extensive interviews with those who knew her capture the intrigue of this fascinating figure. Anastasia: Her True Story offers an illuminating investigation into the unique double-life and enduring enigma of the puckish young princess who symbolized the glory of Czarist Russia.

Born in Mount Airy, North Carolina, Andy Griffith started studying to become a preacher, but then changed to music and drama. All of these pursuits worked to launch his career with a preacher act. He went on to play Sir Walter Raleigh with a British accent. But it was his folksy, down-home North Carolina accent that made him a star. First in his triumphant Broadway show, No Time for Sergeants, and then his acclaimed role in A Face in the Crowd. His career spanned the decades in radio, stage, TV and film. His long-running TV comedy series as a southern sheriff in "The Andy Griffith Show" established him as a television icon. Today he is best known for his portrayal of small-town lawyer on the popular television series, Matlock. Biography takes a look back at the life of one of the most popular and endearing stars in American television.

Explore the life and legacy of Gaius Octavius—better known as Augustus—who transformed Rome from a republic torn by civil war into a stable empire that endured for centuries. The program traces his rise from the adopted heir of Julius Caesar to his consolidation of power after defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Through historical analysis, reenactments, and expert commentary, it reveals how Augustus balanced ruthless ambition with political genius, reshaping Roman governance, culture, and architecture. His reign ushered in the Pax Romana, a golden age of peace and prosperity, while establishing the model for imperial rule that defined Rome’s future. The episode portrays Augustus as both visionary statesman and shrewd strategist—the man who turned Rome’s chaos into empire.

For most, the mention of the Ayatollah Khomeini conjures up haunting images of blindfolded hostages being led from the American Embassy in Tehran. But for those in Iran, Khomeini is a legend who lives on today in the continuing revolution of Islam. His image covers buildings and monuments, his fierce gaze perpetually watchful. Here is the story of Khomeiniís rise from dutiful student in the dusty hamlet of Khomein in Iran to one of the most ruthless leaders the twentieth century has ever known. A man of myth and uncertainty, even the date of his birth is unknown. But what is known is that as a 70-year old grandfather, Khomeini pulled off one of the most daring revolutions in history and succeeded in serving up a crushing blow to America. Examine the man whose name brings to mind a swell of hate to most in America but instills immeasurable pride, honor and national dignity to the people of Iran.

His reign lasted only four years and he was dead at the age of 28. Yet, as the third emperor of the Roman empire, he remains one of the most notorious rulers in history. Best remembered for his bacchanalian lifestyle and callous, heavy-handed ruling style, Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, or “Caligula,” as he was known, packed a lot into a very short life. In this incisive program, Biography goes beyond the legend to explore the anguished life of this infamous emperor. Discover how the first six months of Caligula’s rule were marked by a surprising degree of clemency and how a violent illness seemingly transformed him into the monster that history remembers today. Featuring interviews with leading scholars, Caligula: Reign of Madness is the ultimate profile of Rome’s most reviled ruler: the bizarre, bloodthirsty Caligula.

His knack lay in finding the universal themes in "small" stories. His easygoing charm and unique approach to reporting made him one of journalism's most distinctive and beloved figures. Charles Kuralt carved out a unique place in broadcasting. Though he worked as a reporter for CBS News for 40 years, he was best known not for his news reportage but for his Sunday morning show On the Road. In this fond showcase of America, he celebrated the small stories and local heritage of the nation, and exposed the themes and beliefs that hold our vast country together. Biography goes on the road with the famed vagabond to tell his story. See clips from his long career which illustrate the easy presence and natural intelligence that made him unique. Colleagues like Walter Cronkite recall working with Kuralt and share favorite stories, while family members offer a warm glimpse of his private side. It's a touching tribute to one of the most distinctive and beloved TV personalities of his age.

Chronicle the life of Constantine the Great, the Roman ruler who forever changed the course of Western civilization by embracing Christianity. Born in 272 AD, Constantine rose through military ranks to become emperor after years of civil war. The program explores his pivotal victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, where legend says he saw a divine vision that led him to adopt the Christian faith. Through expert commentary and historical reenactments, the episode examines his founding of Constantinople, his role in the Council of Nicaea, and his efforts to unify the empire under one religion. Both visionary and pragmatic, Constantine emerges as a complex leader whose faith and ambition reshaped Rome—and laid the foundation for medieval Christendom.

David Copperfield is widely regarded as one of the world’s most famous magicians. Through archival footage of his greatest televised performances and an in‑depth interview, the program traces Copperfield’s rise from a young stage performer to a two‑time “Entertainer of the Year.” Viewers see signature illusions that defined his career—grand spectacles that helped transform magic into mainstream entertainment. The episode highlights Copperfield’s showmanship, creative ambition, and the technical mastery behind his illusions, offering a revealing look at the magician whose work reshaped modern stage magic.

Trace the life of Diana, Princess of Wales, from her emergence as a shy young woman entering the British royal family to her transformation into one of the most beloved public figures in the world. The program highlights how she brought warmth and openness to the monarchy, reshaping public perception through her compassion, humanitarian work, and ability to connect with people across all walks of life. It also explores her personal struggles behind the scenes, offering insight into the pressures she faced while living under intense global scrutiny. Through interviews, archival footage, and reflective commentary, the episode portrays Diana as a modern icon whose legacy endures through her sons and the lasting impact she made on millions.

The fascinating story of the lives and partnership of Charles Dow and Edward Jones, whose combined talents produced the Dow Jones Industrial Average, one of the most influential financial indicators in history. It traces Dow’s early ambitions as a journalist, his collaboration with Jones at the Providence Journal, and their founding of the Wall Street Journal in 1889. The program highlights Dow’s creation of the first stock index in 1896 and follows the evolution of the Dow through major economic events—from the rise of corporate giants and early market booms to the shocks of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the Panic of 1907, and the 1929 crash. Financial historians explain how their work shaped modern markets and why the Dow remains a central measure of economic confidence.

He was considered, even among gangsters, "totally evil." When his father abandoned the family, he quit school and began a life of crime to help his mother. He changed his name to Dutch Schultz from Arthur Flegenheimer while serving his first prison sentence. Here is the story of one of the nation's most ruthless and brutal criminals. He ended one argument by sticking his .45 automatic pistol into the mouth of a friend and pulling the trigger. He combined such merciless acts with a keen instinct for business to become the most feared and successful gangster of the Prohibition era. He lived the gangster version of the American dream--fast bucks, fast cars and fast women. Lucky Luciano is said to have arranged one of gangland's most infamous massacres, one that killed Schultz and his men. His death cleared the way for Luciano and other organized criminals to take over Shultz's various operations. Schultz goes down in crime history as the last truly independent Jewish gangster.

While appearing to sleep, he touched the lives of thousands and saw into the future. His remarkable gift made him the most famous spiritualist since Nostradamus. Edgar Cayce downplayed his apparently supernatural abilities, saying, "I don't do anything you can't do, if you're willing to pay the price." The price must have been high indeed, for he seemingly traveled through space and time with his mind alone. Biography profiles the life of the man known as "the sleeping psychic." See how he predicted both World Wars and the 1929 stock market crash, and diagnosed the illnesses of people sometimes thousands of miles away, all from a trance-like sleep. See how his prescriptions for the afflictions he diagnosed foreshadowed many of the staples of today's holistic and homeopathic cures. Spiritualists and cynics examine his gift and career, while contemporary accounts and interviews with those he helped cure testify to his astonishing abilities.

He virtually invented broadcast journalism, setting all its standards and breaking all its rules. Edward R. Murrow is the pivotal figure in the history of TV news. But before he helped define that medium, he was already revered for his brilliant radio coverage of World War II. In bringing the epic struggle to millions of listeners worldwide, he became known as "the voice of America." This definitive profile includes extensive clips of these historic broadcasts along with footage from his career as a television pioneer. Discover how the insightful "hard news" programs he considered his best work never got the ratings he hoped for, and how he soon learned to give the viewers what they wanted creating the light, "frothy" celebrity profile that many feel is the curse of TV journalism to this day. Extensive interviews with colleagues and friends explore this professional paradox and reveal how it spilled over into his private life.

He was a prohibition agent who became an alcoholic. A moral idealist who married three times. A crime fighter whose name is forever linked with the gangster he didn't really catch! Eliot Ness's life is a tapestry of irony, but his legend has a life all its own. In this revealing BIOGRAPHY the real story of the famed lawman comes to light. See how his legend was launched by a book he co-authored 25 years after his days with the "Untouchables," in which he recklessly exaggerated his own importance and accomplishments. Paul Heimel, author of Eliot Ness: The Real Story tells how his real victories came after his Chicago years, when, as Director of Public Safety for Cleveland, he transformed that city from one of the nation's most corrupt and dangerous into the safest. And friends trace his long decline into alcoholism, and recall the final, sad days of his life. This is the revealing, true tale of the straight-arrow lawman whose life has been eclipsed by the legend he helped create.

The episode examines the turbulent early reign of Elizabeth I, beginning with her rise to the throne after the death of her sister, Mary I. It explores the immense challenges she faced as a young Protestant queen in a divided, male‑dominated court, including pressure to marry for political advantage and the constant threat posed by Mary, Queen of Scots. The program highlights Elizabeth’s determination to rule independently, her refusal to wed foreign princes, and her complex relationship with Robert Dudley. It also covers defining moments of her reign, such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Through historical commentary and dramatized scenes, the episode portrays Elizabeth as a shrewd, resilient monarch whose identity as the “Virgin Queen” shaped both her political strategy and her enduring legacy.

The episode presents an in‑depth profile of Queen Elizabeth II, exploring how a young woman who never expected to rule became one of the most enduring monarchs in modern history. Through archival footage and expert commentary, it traces her early life, the abdication crisis that unexpectedly placed her father on the throne, and the responsibilities that fell on Elizabeth as heir. The program examines her steady, measured approach to leadership, her commitment to duty, and the personal sacrifices required by her role. By highlighting key moments from her early reign and the challenges of guiding a changing nation, the episode portrays Elizabeth as a thoughtful, disciplined figure whose reluctance gave way to a lifetime of service.

He served the cruelest monster who ever lived, yet emerged with his reputation intact. His military brilliance and sense of honor earned him a place among history's most fabled commanders. Erwin Rommel may be the greatest general to serve in World War II. His dreaded Panzer legions inflicted bitter defeats on the Allied commanders who opposed him. Yet his unwavering brilliance and nobility won him the enduring respect of his enemies, and eventually the betrayal of his master. This in-depth portrait explores the life of the commander who tore up Hitler's order to execute captured Jewish soldiers. Footage of his army in action and interviews with the men who fought with and against him testify to his tactical genius, while excerpts from his writings reveal the private man. Trace the remarkable life Hitler's greatest commander, Erwin Rommel, the "Desert Fox."

The episode traces the brilliant yet turbulent life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, the novelist whose work came to define the Jazz Age. It follows his rise from a promising young writer to a literary sensation with the publication of This Side of Paradise, and explores his passionate, complicated marriage to Zelda Sayre, whose spirit and struggles deeply shaped his fiction. The program highlights Fitzgerald’s creation of The Great Gatsby, his most enduring masterpiece, and examines the personal demons—alcoholism, financial instability, and fading fame—that haunted him in later years. Through archival footage, expert commentary, and dramatized scenes, the episode portrays Fitzgerald as a gifted but fragile artist whose pursuit of the American Dream mirrored the triumphs and tragedies of his own life.

The episode chronicles the life of Frank Costello, the influential underworld figure whose calm demeanor and political savvy earned him the title “Prime Minister of the Mob.” Rising from impoverished immigrant beginnings, Costello built a criminal empire through bootlegging, gambling, and strategic alliances within the American Mafia. The program explores his close ties to Tammany Hall, his ability to wield power without relying on violence, and his role in shaping organized crime during the mid‑20th century. Through archival footage, interviews, and historical analysis, the episode examines Costello’s clashes with rival Vito Genovese, his dramatic appearance before the Kefauver hearings, and his eventual retreat from public life. Costello emerges as a complex figure—part gangster, part statesman—whose influence reached far beyond the underworld.

This is the epic story of the monumental soldier and statesman who--perhaps more than anybody else--shaped the world we live in today. He is the only career soldier ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. His military genius led the Allies to victory in World War II, and his far-flung vision helped engineer the peace that followed. George C. Marshall may well be the most influential figure of the century. Churchill called him 'the true organizer of victory.' Through extensive expert interviews, rare archival footage and contemporary accounts, the life and career of this monumental figure come to life. In a rare interview, Colin Powell talks about Marshall's brilliance in preparing America for war and laying out the grand strategy. See footage of Marshall receiving the Nobel Peace Prize for his Plan for European Recovery better known as the Marshall Plan. And discover why both FDR and Eisenhower agreed that Marshall would have been the greatest president America had ever seen.

He rose to fame as the youngest general in the Union Army, leading a pivotal charge at Gettysburg, but earned a place in history for his ill-fated command at the Battle of Little Bighorn. In fact, although his life was marked by towering accomplishments, his name has become synonymous with defeat. Through archival letters and journal entries, Biography investigates the life of George Armstrong Custer, tracing his remarkable rise through the ranks of the Union Army during the Civil War and his later reincarnation as a frontier combatant. Leading scholars explore his unusual relationship with his wife and reveal how she helped turn her husband into an American legend, while period accounts and archival artifacts shed light on his infamous “Last Stand.” Illuminating and insightful, George Armstrong Custer offers a probing look into the life and legacy of one of America’s most compelling figures.

Explore the life and legacy of one of Rome’s most enlightened rulers, Hadrian, whose reign marked a period of peace, prosperity, and cultural flourishing across the empire. The program traces his rise from soldier and scholar to emperor, highlighting his deep interest in architecture, philosophy, and governance. Viewers learn how Hadrian consolidated Rome’s vast territories, strengthened its borders with monumental works like Hadrian’s Wall, and promoted Greek culture and intellectual pursuits. Through expert commentary and historical reenactments, the episode reveals a complex leader—both visionary and introspective—whose devotion to art, travel, and reform helped define Rome’s “Golden Age.” It also examines his enduring love for Antinous and the human side of an emperor remembered as both builder and humanist.

Examine the violent, transformative reign of Ivan IV, the first tsar of Russia, whose rule fused sweeping ambition with terrifying brutality. It traces his rise from a neglected child‑prince to a ruler determined to centralize power and expand Russia’s borders. The program explores Ivan’s early reforms, his military campaigns, and the creation of the Oprichnina, a feared state within a state that unleashed widespread terror. Through expert commentary and dramatic reenactments, the episode reveals how personal tragedy, paranoia, and absolute authority shaped Ivan’s descent into cruelty. Yet it also highlights his role in forging a more unified Russian state. The portrait that emerges is of a ruler both mighty and monstrous—an architect of empire whose legacy remains deeply conflicted.

This program profiles the life and business career of one of America's greatest entrepreneurs, J.C. Penney. Interviews with family, friends, and business associates make clear that Penney's greatness was due not so much to his success as a businessman, but to his unwaveringly high principles. A deeply religious man, J.C. Penney never forgot what was really important to him: God, his family, and his workers. Archival film footage and photographs show the millionaire who took as his salary $1 a day from each of his stores. When his business later failed, he still had his faith and family to fall back on.

He will always be remembered as the youthful president who inspired America, a charismatic leader who gave the nation a sense of pride and confidence. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was different than any other president America had ever seen. His sharp mind, quick wit, and boundless determination won him friends, confidantes, and devoted followers. As a World War II hero, respected senator, and author of Why England Slept and the Pulitzer Prize‑winning Profiles in Courage, Kennedy regarded life as a race against boredom. Here, the pivotal moments of his life and presidency are revisited through archival footage and interviews with famous journalists, Hollywood actors, and White House staffers. Biography traces the compelling history of this unforgettable leader and explores the rich dynasty he left behind.

His distinctive drawl and all‑American charm made him an icon. His partnership with director Frank Capra created some of the most beloved films of all time. Jimmy Stewart was a silver‑screen hero who embodied the best qualities of the characters he made famous. After winning an Oscar for his role in The Philadelphia Story, he earned military honors in World War II, flying more than 20 bombing missions over Nazi Germany. Through rare photos, behind‑the‑scenes footage and exclusive interviews with Carol Burnett, Charlton Heston, Frank Capra, Jr., and others, Biography explores Stewart’s long and rich life. And classic clips from films like Harvey, It’s a Wonderful Life and Rear Window highlight his storied career. Join Biography for this warm portrait of a superstar who charmed audiences with his masterful portrayals of ordinary men thrust into extraordinary circumstances.

His parents were determined that he rise above the level of the "saloon- keeping" Irish. He succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Joseph Kennedy, Sr.'s life was a controversial saga of influence and alleged impropriety, public victories and private setbacks. But above all, it was a life marked by drive and fierce devotion. Biography uses rare footage, period accounts, personal records and the memories of family members to trace the life of the man who fathered America's foremost political dynasty. Discover the brilliant business deals that made him a millionaire, and explore the allegations of his involvement in less-than-legal activities. See how he rose to political prominence as the first Irish-American ambassador to Great Britain, and how his behind-the-scenes influence contributed to the political successes of his sons. Joseph Kennedy, Sr. is a revealing chronicle of a uniquely American life and a legacy that continues to this day.

Discover the rise and fall of one of history’s most brilliant and controversial leaders. It follows Caesar’s journey from ambitious young noble to military genius and political reformer who transformed the Roman Republic into an empire. The program explores his conquest of Gaul, his daring crossing of the Rubicon, and his sweeping reforms that reshaped Roman society. Through expert analysis and dramatic reenactments, viewers see how Caesar’s charisma, intellect, and ruthless ambition won him both admiration and enemies. The episode also examines his complex relationships with Cleopatra and Brutus, culminating in his assassination on the Ides of March. Ultimately, it portrays Caesar as a visionary whose pursuit of power forever altered the course of Western civilization.

The episode explores the extraordinary reign of Justinian I, the Byzantine emperor whose ambition to restore Rome’s former glory reshaped the ancient world. It traces his rise from humble origins to the throne, highlighting his sweeping legal reforms that culminated in the Corpus Juris Civilis, the foundation of much modern law. The program examines Justinian’s military campaigns to reclaim lost western territories, his grand architectural achievements—most notably the Hagia Sophia—and the devastating challenges he faced, including the Nika riots and the plague that ravaged his empire. Through expert commentary and vivid reenactments, the episode also illuminates the powerful influence of his wife, Theodora, whose intelligence and resolve helped steer the empire through crisis. Justinian emerges as a determined, complex ruler—one whose vision earned him the title “the last of the Romans.”

The episode profiles Katharine Graham, the pioneering publisher who transformed The Washington Post into one of America’s most influential newspapers. It traces her unlikely rise from a quiet, self‑doubting socialite to a commanding figure in journalism after the sudden death of her husband thrust her into leadership. The program explores Graham’s steady guidance through two defining crises—the publication of the Pentagon Papers and the Watergate investigation—moments that tested her resolve and cemented the Post’s reputation for fearless reporting. Through interviews, archival footage, and insights from colleagues and historians, the episode reveals a woman who overcame personal tragedy, societal expectations, and her own insecurities to become a symbol of integrity and courage in American media. Graham emerges as a trailblazer whose strength reshaped the press and set a new standard for journalistic independence.

He is widely regarded as the greatest artist who ever lived. Yet this remarkable genius was equally skilled as an architect, engineer and scientist. Leonardo da Vinci's masterpieces are among the most famous and treasured works ever created. His revolutionary techniques transformed art, but he never achieved the fame enjoyed by his younger rival Michelangelo. This definitive program traces Leonardo's life from his Tuscan boyhood to his death, in relative obscurity, in France. Extensive use of da Vinci's journals, notes and sketches provide valuable insight into the mind of a genius who anticipated many of the advances of modern science. And interviews with biographers and art historians provide insight into his life and legacy. Biography proudly presents the incredible story of Leonardo da Vinci the original Renaissance man.

Born the illegitimate daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia--later Pope Alexander VI--Lucrezia Borgia was three times married to further her father's political ambitions. Her first marriage had been annulled and her second husband was murdered on orders from her brother. The third of these was in 1501, to Alfonso son of the Duke of Este, who inherited the Duchy of Ferrara, where she established a brilliant court of artists and men of letters, and devoted herself to the patronage of art and education. But what of her reputation for wantonness and crime? She has been called the most depraved woman in history. As Lucrezia grew up in Roman society, rumors about her were rampant. Did she have incestuous affairs, with her father, the pope, and her brothers? Was pricking enemies with an arsenic-drenched ring her favorite method of disposing men? Or was Lucrezia a victim of her family's ruthless quest for power, exploited for her beauty and kindness? Is her reputation more legend than fact?

The episode traces the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the minister‑turned‑activist whose moral courage and soaring oratory helped transform the American civil rights movement. It follows his rise from a young preacher in Montgomery to a national leader who championed nonviolent protest as a force for justice. The program revisits defining moments of his career—the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Birmingham campaign, the March on Washington—and explores the personal sacrifices behind his public mission. Through archival footage, interviews, and reflective commentary, the episode reveals both the man and the vision that guided him: a belief in equality, dignity, and the power of peaceful change. King emerges as a figure whose dream reshaped the nation and continues to inspire generations.

The episode explores the life of Meyer Lansky, the criminal mastermind whose quiet intelligence and financial genius made him one of the most powerful figures in organized crime. It traces his rise from an immigrant kid on New York’s Lower East Side to the architect of the national crime syndicate, forging alliances with Lucky Luciano and Bugsy Siegel. The program highlights Lansky’s role in developing modern gambling operations, his influence in Havana and Las Vegas, and his reputation as the mob’s “accountant,” able to move money and manage empires with unmatched precision. Through archival footage, interviews, and expert commentary, the episode examines his attempts to avoid prosecution, his controversial exile in Israel, and the mystery surrounding his hidden fortune. Lansky emerges as a calculating, elusive figure—one whose financial brilliance reshaped the underworld.

When called to serve by God, she responded like no other in modern times. Her phenomenal labors on behalf of the poor, unwanted and needy earned her the name "the Saint of the Gutters." For over 50 years, Mother Teresa dedicated herself to the "poorest of the poor." The order she founded the Missionaries of Charity grew to encompass over 3,000 members working in 25 countries. She earned countless accolades and awards, yet as her fame and influence grew, she remained unchanged, giving all she had to help the least fortunate. Join Biography for a loving look at the inspiring life of Mother Teresa. This moving portrait is highlighted by interviews with those who knew her from unwanted orphans to world leaders and extensive footage from her long life of service. From her childhood in Yugoslavia to the Nobel Peace Prize, this is the definitive profile of a life of devotion Mother Teresa.

The episode explores the life of Nancy Reagan, the former actress who became one of the most influential First Ladies in modern American history. It traces her journey from Hollywood to Washington, highlighting the deep partnership she shared with Ronald Reagan and the pivotal role she played throughout his political career. The program examines her fierce devotion to protecting the president, her behind‑the‑scenes influence in the White House, and her leadership of the “Just Say No” campaign, which made her a central figure in the fight against drug abuse. Through interviews, archival footage, and personal reflections, the episode reveals a woman of elegance, determination, and unwavering loyalty. Nancy Reagan emerges as a complex, commanding presence—both a devoted spouse and a political force whose impact extended far beyond ceremonial duties.

They were a brother and sister with a shared vision. They succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Carrie Nieman and Herbert Marcus both possessed a powerful blend of perfectionism, exquisite taste and a passion for hard work. Together, they overcame incredible odds to create one of the most respected names in shopping, the legendary Nieman Marcus. Biography chronicles their road to success through old family photos, archival footage and revealing interviews with family members and historians. Learn of the obstacles that almost derailed their dream and see how they never abandoned or compromised their vision, a determination that was ultimately rewarded in spades. Follow the franchise they created as it became one of the most recognized and celebrated in the world and get a privileged behind-the-scenes view from former company officials and insiders. From small town dreams to a world-famous name with a sterling reputation, this is the stirring tale of Neiman Marcus.

He was a savvy businessman, a progressive politician, a lifelong philanthropist, and a patron of modern art. Growing up, Nelson Rockefeller was not like most kids his age; not only did he come from one of the wealthiest families in America, but his exuberance and joie de vivre truly set him apart. Brought up by his parents to appreciate the value of a dollar and with a strong sense of civic responsibility, Rockefeller never lost sight of his duty to use his wealth and privilege for the greater public good. In this compelling program, discover the hidden story behind the intrepid man who transcended the legacy of his family name. From his early struggles with dyslexia to his position as manager of Rockefeller Center to his turbulent days in Washington, Biography presents the definitive portrait of one of America’s most beloved and loyal sons.

Delve into the dramatic life of Emperor Nero, one of ancient Rome’s most infamous rulers. It traces his ascent to power as a young, charismatic leader and his gradual descent into tyranny and excess. The program explores Nero’s early promise—his patronage of the arts and efforts to reform the empire—contrasted with the paranoia and cruelty that came to define his reign. Through expert analysis, historical reenactments, and vivid accounts from ancient sources, viewers witness the intrigues of the imperial court, the Great Fire of Rome, and Nero’s ruthless persecution of his enemies. The episode also examines how myth and history merged to create the enduring image of a ruler consumed by ambition and madness. Ultimately, it portrays Nero as a complex figure—both visionary and villain—whose legacy continues to fascinate and horrify centuries later.

He led the first foreign raid on U.S. soil since the War of 1812, rose to the rank of general during the Mexican Revolution, and later became governor of Chihuahua. Outlaw, soldier, leader, and politician, Pancho Villa led a life that ended in violence, but gave birth to a legend. This comprehensive Biography investigation draws on original artifacts, interviews with descendants and leading historians, and stunning location footage to trace the life and legend of Pancho Villa. Take an inside look at his famous raid on Columbus, New Mexico, examine the retaliatory strike by American general “Black Jack” Pershing, and witness extremely rare clips that capture the famous rebel in action. Pancho Villa: Outlaw Hero heads south of the border to examine the fact and folklore of one of the most compelling and notorious figures of the century.

Born into a seafaring family on Nantucket, Rowland H. Macy took only one voyage on a whale-ship before turning his back on the sea. Entering business instead, he saw four failures before launching the store that revolutionized the world of shopping. R.H. Macy's New York shop became the model for the modern department store-by his death in 1878 Macy's was recording sales of over $1 million a year. R.H. Macy: Merchant Prince presents the complete story of this retail pioneer and traces the empire that formed around his name. Witness rare photographs and expert commentary, take a tour of the flagship Macy's, and learn how the Straus family took over the business after Macy's death and transformed it into the world's largest single store. Join Biography for the definitive portrait of R.H. Macy, entrepreneur, visionary, and founding father of the department store.

The episode traces the rise and fall of Sam Giancana, the ruthless yet enigmatic boss of the Chicago Outfit whose influence stretched from the streets of Chicago to the corridors of political power. It explores his beginnings in the 42 Gang, where his talent for violence and high‑stakes crime propelled him into the upper ranks of organized crime. The program examines Giancana’s control of gambling and racketeering operations, his alleged involvement in the 1960 presidential election, and his secret collaboration with the CIA in plots to assassinate Fidel Castro. Through archival footage, interviews, and expert commentary, Biography reveals a man driven by ambition and paranoia, whose exile to Mexico and mysterious 1975 murder only deepened the intrigue surrounding him. Giancana emerges as a powerful, volatile figure—one whose life remains a defining chapter in American organized crime.

The episode chronicles the remarkable rise of Sam Walton, the Arkansas merchant whose vision and relentless drive reshaped American retail. It traces his early years as a small‑town store owner, revealing the frugal habits, competitive spirit, and customer‑first philosophy that became the foundation of Walmart. The program explores Walton’s pioneering use of discount pricing, distribution efficiency, and rural expansion—strategies that revolutionized the industry and built one of the world’s largest retail empires. Through interviews, archival footage, and insights from family, colleagues, and business historians, Biography presents a portrait of a man who blended homespun charm with bold innovation. Walton emerges as a self‑made billionaire who never lost his down‑to‑earth manner, transforming shopping habits across America while remaining devoted to hard work, community, and simplicity.

The episode traces the extraordinary rise of Samuel Bronfman, the Canadian entrepreneur who built a liquor empire and became one of the most influential business leaders of the 20th century. It follows his journey from immigrant roots to the creation of Distillers Corporation–Seagram Ltd., revealing how his sharp instincts, relentless work ethic, and willingness to seize opportunity—especially during Prohibition—propelled him to international prominence. The program explores Bronfman’s innovative marketing strategies, his expansion into global brands, and his role in shaping modern corporate culture. Through archival footage, interviews with historians and family members, and rare photographs, Biography also highlights Bronfman’s deep commitment to philanthropy and Jewish community leadership. He emerges as a complex, driven figure whose legacy blends bold enterprise with enduring civic responsibility.

The episode explores the life and groundbreaking ideas of Sigmund Freud, the Viennese physician whose theories revolutionized the understanding of human behavior. It traces his early medical career and the bold insights that led him to develop psychoanalysis, delving into concepts such as the unconscious mind, repression, dreams, and the Oedipus complex. The program examines Freud’s circle of followers and rivals, the controversies that surrounded his work, and the cultural upheaval his theories sparked across Europe and America. Through archival photographs, expert commentary, and dramatized moments from Freud’s life, Biography reveals a complex, driven thinker whose curiosity pushed him to probe the deepest corners of the human psyche. Freud emerges as a visionary whose influence continues to shape psychology, literature, and modern thought.

The episode recounts the dramatic partnership between Henry Morton Stanley, the hard‑driving journalist‑explorer, and Dr. David Livingstone, the idealistic missionary whose quest to spread Christianity and combat the slave trade made him a legend. It follows Stanley’s perilous expedition into central Africa to find the long‑missing Livingstone, a journey fueled as much by ambition as by genuine admiration. The program explores their unlikely bond, forged in hardship and mutual respect, and the global sensation sparked by Stanley’s famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.” Through archival materials, expert commentary, and vivid reenactments, Biography examines how their contrasting motives—one driven by fame, the other by faith—shaped their legacies and influenced Western understanding of Africa. Together, they emerge as two towering figures whose intertwined stories blend adventure, idealism, and controversy.

Trace the rise of the Gambino crime family, one of America’s most notorious organized‑crime dynasties. It begins with Carlo Gambino, born in Palermo and later a key figure in U.S. organized crime, who built his first fortune selling counterfeit ration stamps during World War II. The program follows the family’s evolution through Prohibition, its expansion into construction and labor racketeering, and the eventual decline of its financial empire. It also profiles Carlo’s successor Paul Castellano and the dramatic, high‑profile reign of John Gotti, whose flamboyant leadership reshaped the family’s public image. Through archival footage and historical analysis, the episode explores how the Gambinos became synonymous with American organized crime and why their legacy endures.

The name is synonymous with shopping. But the saga of the Fields family is anything but a story of smooth success. Marshall Field grew rich off the store that bears his name, becoming Chicago's most powerful man and one of America's richest businessmen. In the 19th century, he amassed a fortune of over $120 million. He left his name and his fortune to his son, but Marshall Field II and the Fields that followed Marshall Field III, IV, V and VI have not had as smooth a ride as their namesake. Trace the saga of the Fields from the grand opening of the first store to today. Marshall Field V talks about the bitter feud that almost brought down the Fields' empire, and the tragedies that claimed the lives of his great-grandfather and grandfather. Follow the family's forays into publishing and other businesses, ventures that have increased the Fields' fortune to $500 million. And hear what the future may hold for one of the most famous families in America.

The episode traces the rise and fall of the Woolworth family, whose five‑and‑dime stores reshaped American retail and created one of the first true consumer empires. It follows F.W. Woolworth’s humble beginnings and his revolutionary idea of fixed‑price merchandise, a concept that transformed shopping for millions and fueled rapid national expansion. The program explores the family’s growing wealth, their lavish lifestyles, and the challenges of maintaining a sprawling retail chain in a changing economic landscape. Through archival footage, interviews with historians, and rare photographs, Biography examines how innovation, ambition, and family dynamics shaped the Woolworth legacy—from glittering success to eventual decline. The Woolworths emerge as pioneers whose fortunes mirrored the evolution of American consumer culture.

As a civil rights lawyer in the '40s and '50s, he turned the floor of the Supreme Court into his personal battleground. As a member of the court, he presided over some of the most influential decisions in American history. Thurgood Marshall grew up with a strong sense of justice and the courage to fight for his convictions. While a mid-century black lawyer, he traveled the South as a lonely warrior in the battle to end discrimination, the embodiment of hope for black Americans. Through archival footage, period accounts, and candid interviews with colleagues and family, Thurgood Marshall: Justice for All chronicles the monumental life of the first African American to sit on the Supreme Court. Biography proudly presents the comprehensive story of the legendary jurist and civil rights activist who stood up for his beliefs and watched them triumph.

He combined lofty idealism with deadly ruthlessness, forging an empire that changed the world. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin’s vision of communism transformed the Soviet Union into a world power and galvanized political unrest in countless other nations. Biography profiles the fanatical philosopher who was catapulted to power by an incredible combination of passion, luck, and unlikely alliances. Valentin Berezhkov, an interpreter for Stalin, reveals “Uncle Joe’s” relationship with his predecessor, while Soviet historians examine Lenin’s rise and rule. Excerpts from Lenin’s writings expose his fixation on violence and rare film footage depicts the Bolshevik leader at the height of his power. From his childhood to the debate over his deceased body, Vladimir Lenin: Voice of the Revolution offers a remarkable portrait of one of the 20th century’s most towering figures.